Soma Addiction: Effects, Risks, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

Soma is a prescription muscle relaxant used to relieve pain from muscle injuries and spasms. Soma addiction occurs when individuals misuse the drug, leading to physical and psychological dependence. This addiction is characterized by a compulsive need to use Soma despite harmful consequences. A study titled “Prescription Drug Misuse” published by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) reported that in 2021, approximately 1.1% of adults in the U.S. misused prescription muscle relaxants.

Symptoms of Soma addiction include drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, and impaired coordination. Users also experience withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, insomnia, and tremors when not taking the drug.

Causes of Soma addiction often include prolonged use, higher-than-prescribed dosages, or recreational use. Factors such as a history of substance abuse, mental health disorders, and genetic predisposition also contribute.

Effects of Soma addiction will lead to severe health issues including respiratory depression, cognitive impairment, and increased risk of overdose. Long-term abuse also causes organ damage and significant physical and mental health decline.

Effective treatment for Soma addiction typically involves medical detoxification, inpatient or outpatient rehabilitation programs, behavioral therapies, and support groups. According to an article titled “Behavioral Health Trends in the United States,” published by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), comprehensive treatment plans that address both the physical and psychological aspects of addiction improve recovery outcomes.

What is Soma?

Soma, known by its generic name carisoprodol, is a muscle relaxant prescribed to alleviate discomfort associated with acute, painful musculoskeletal conditions. It works by blocking pain sensations between the nerves and the brain. Soma is typically prescribed for short-term use, up to two or three weeks, as its effectiveness for prolonged use has not been established. 

According to the article titled “SOMA – carisoprodol tablet” published by Meda Pharmaceuticals Inc. and DailyMed, carisoprodol, the active ingredient in Soma, was developed in the late 1950s. It is structurally and pharmacologically related to meprobamate, a drug known for its sedative properties and potential for dependence. This relationship contributes to Soma’s potential for abuse and addiction

What are the Medical Uses of Soma?

Soma is primarily used for the relief of discomfort associated with acute, painful musculoskeletal conditions in adults. It is intended for short-term treatment due to the lack of evidence supporting long-term efficacy and the generally short duration of musculoskeletal conditions. 

What Forms Does Soma Come in?

Soma is available in tablet form, specifically in dosages of 250 mg and 350 mg. The tablets are round, convex, and white, inscribed with their respective dosage amounts​ 

What are Other Names for Soma?

Soma is known generically as carisoprodol. Other common names and brand names include Vanadom and Soprodol. According to the National Drug Intelligence Center’s “Fast Facts Sheet” on Soma, the street names for Soma include: Ds, Dance, Las Vegas Cocktail (combination of Soma and Vicodin), Soma Coma (combination of Soma and Codeine). These drugs are becoming increasingly popular causing a rise for concern among the addiction community. 

What is Soma Addiction?

Soma addiction refers to the compulsive use of Soma (carisoprodol). Despite being effective for short-term use, Soma has a significant potential for abuse and addiction, especially when used for prolonged periods or in higher doses than prescribed. According to a report by the Drug Enforcement Administration from December 2019 on “Carisoprodol (Trade Name: Soma®),” the effects of carisoprodol are similar to those of other central nervous system depressants, such as meprobamate, pentobarbital, and chlordiazepoxide. These effects are rewarding, which indicates a potential for abuse. Prolonged misuse of carisoprodol at high doses often leads to the development of tolerance, physical dependence, and withdrawal symptoms.

How Does Soma Lead to Addiction?

Soma leads to addiction through its sedative and muscle-relaxing effects. When taken, it is metabolized into meprobamate, a substance with known potential for abuse. Prolonged use of Soma results in physical dependence, where the body becomes accustomed to the drug, and tolerance, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effects. These factors contribute to the psychological compulsion to continue using Soma despite negative consequences​.

How Common is Soma Addiction?

While specific prevalence rates are challenging to determine, Soma addiction is recognized as a significant issue, particularly among individuals with a history of substance abuse. The risk of addiction increases with prolonged use and higher doses. According to an article titled “Abuse Potential of Soma®” published by the National Library of medicine, the Dallas DEA Field Division stated that carisoprodol is one of the six most commonly diverted drugs in its region. Additionally the United States Drug Enforcement Administration stated that along with benzodiazepines, Vicodin®, and OxyContin®, carisoprodol is one of the most commonly abused prescription drugs in Northern California. 

What is Soma Abuse vs. Addiction?

• Abuse: Soma abuse involves using the drug in a manner not intended by the prescribing doctor, often to experience euphoria. Abuse will lead to addiction if continues over time.
• Addiction: Addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite adverse consequences. It includes both physical dependence and psychological cravings.

What is Soma Tolerance vs. Dependence?

• Tolerance: Tolerance occurs when a person needs to take higher doses of Soma to achieve the same effect. This is a common precursor to dependence.
• Dependence: Dependence means the body has adapted to the drug’s presence, and stopping its use leads to withdrawal symptoms. Dependence will occur without addiction but often accompanies it in cases of long-term use.

What is Soma Addiction vs. Alcoholism?

While both Soma addiction and alcoholism involve dependency on a substance, they differ in their effects and management. Soma is a prescription medication that leads to dependence due to its sedative effects, while alcohol is widely available and often socially accepted. Both substances cause severe withdrawal symptoms and require medical supervision for detoxification. Treatment for both conditions involves behavioral therapies, support groups, and in some cases, medication-assisted treatment​.

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Soma Addiction?

The signs of Soma abuse are easy to spot similar to those of other prescription medications. Individuals of all ages abuse Soma. Data reported in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health indicate that 2,276,000 U.S. residents aged 12 and older used Soma nonmedically at some point in their life. Here is a list of symptoms of Soma misuse:

Physical Signs

1. Increased Tolerance: Needing higher doses of Soma to achieve the same effect.
2. Dependence: Experiencing withdrawal symptoms such as headaches, nausea, tremors, or seizures when not using the drug.
3. Physical Health Decline: Noticeable deterioration in physical health, including weight loss, fatigue, or frequent illness.

Psychological Signs

1. Cravings: Strong, uncontrollable urges to use Soma.
2. Anxiety and Depression: Increased feelings of anxiety or depression when not using Soma.
3. Cognitive Impairment: Difficulties with memory, attention, and decision-making.

Behavioral Signs

1. Social Withdrawal: Isolating from friends and family, avoiding social interactions.
2. Neglecting Responsibilities: Failing to meet work, school, or home obligations.
3. Continued Use Despite Harm: Using Soma despite knowing it causes problems, such as health issues or relationship conflicts.
4. Secretive Behavior: Hiding drug use from others, being secretive about activities and whereabouts.
5. Financial Issues: Spending excessive amounts of money on Soma, leads to financial problems.

How to Identify Soma Withdrawal Symptoms?

Withdrawal symptoms range from minor to severe including headaches all the way to hallucinations and ataxia. It is important for patients to seek medical help when experiencing these symptoms to ensure the safety of their detox from Soma. 

Early Withdrawal Symptoms:

• Anxiety: Excessive worry, nervousness, and fear, often accompanied by restlessness and irritability, making it difficult to relax or concentrate.
• Tremors:  Involuntary, rhythmic muscle contractions causing shaking, typically in the hands or other parts of the body.
• Insomnia: Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, leading to fatigue and decreased ability to function during the day.
• Headaches: Persistent or severe head pain, often accompanied by sensitivity to light and sound, which interferes with daily activities.

Progression and Intensity:

• Symptoms escalate to include nausea, vomiting, muscle twitching, and hallucinations.

In Severe Cases, Withdrawal Will Cause

• Tachycardia: A condition characterized by an abnormally fast heart rate, typically over 100 beats per minute. It causes dizziness, shortness of breath, chest pain, and in severe cases, leads to fainting or heart failure if not managed properly.
• Ataxia: A neurological sign consisting of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements. Symptoms include unsteady walking, difficulty with fine motor tasks, and sometimes slurred speech. It results from damage to the brain, nerves, or muscles.

Typical Duration:

• Withdrawal symptoms usually begin within 12-48 hours after the last dose.
• Symptoms typically peak within a few days and last for several days.

What are the Causes of Soma Addiction?

Soma addiction results from various factors, primarily involving prolonged use and misuse. The most important cause is the drug’s ability to produce euphoric effects, leading individuals to use it more frequently and in higher doses than prescribed. Additionally, individuals with a history of substance abuse or certain mental health disorders are at a higher risk of developing an addiction to Soma. Social and environmental factors, such as peer pressure and availability, also play crucial roles in fostering addiction.

Causes of Soma Addiction:

• Prolonged Use and Misuse: Using Soma beyond the prescribed duration or in higher doses leads to physical dependence and addiction. Extended misuse alters brain chemistry, creating a compulsion to continue using the drug.
• Euphoric Effects: Soma’s ability to induce euphoria makes it appealing for recreational use, increasing the risk of addiction. Users seek the pleasurable sensations repeatedly, leading to habitual use.
• History of Substance Abuse: Individuals with a past of substance abuse are more susceptible to developing an addiction to Soma due to their predisposition to addictive behaviors.
• Mental Health Disorders: Conditions such as anxiety and depression will drive individuals to misuse Soma as a coping mechanism, heightening the risk of addiction.
• Social and Environmental Factors: Peer pressure, ease of access, and a lack of social support does contribute to the initiation and continuation of Soma misuse.
• Genetic Predisposition: Genetic factors influence the likelihood of developing an addiction, with certain individuals being more genetically vulnerable to substance abuse disorders.

What are the Risks of Soma Addiction?

Soma addiction poses severe health risks, both short-term and long-term. Prolonged misuse of Soma leads to physical and psychological dependence, respiratory depression, and even fatal overdose. According to an article titled “Carisoprodol Abuse in Adolescence” written by Gupta. M et al 2020 published by the National Library of Medicine, the number of emergency room visits related to the misuse or abuse of carisoprodol increased from 15,830 visits in 2004 to 31,763 visits in 2009, with the number of patients aged 50 or older tripling during this time and the number of patients aged 35-49 years old doubling.

What are the Short-term Effects of Soma Addiction?

• Dizziness: Users experience a spinning sensation, making it difficult to maintain balance.
• Drowsiness: Soma causes excessive sleepiness, reducing alertness and the ability to concentrate.
• Impaired Motor Control: Difficulty in coordinating movements, leading to an increased risk of accidents and injuries.
• Cognitive Impairment: Short-term use affects judgment, memory, and decision-making skills.
• Respiratory Depression: Soma severely slows down breathing, leading to respiratory arrest, especially when combined with other depressants like alcohol.
• Overdose: High doses of Soma leads to overdose, characterized by severe sedation, coma, and potentially death.

How Does Soma Addiction Affect the Body in the Long-term?

• Persistent Respiratory Problems: Chronic use leads to ongoing breathing difficulties and a higher risk of respiratory infections.
• Liver Damage: Long-term use causes liver toxicity, leading to liver disease or failure.
• Severe Cognitive Decline: Prolonged use results in impairment of memory, judgment, and coordination, including thoughts of suicide.
• Mood Swings: Users experience frequent changes in mood, from euphoria to depression.
• Depression: Long-term use leads to persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness.
• Anxiety: Chronic use exacerbates feelings of anxiety and nervousness.
• Psychological Dependence: Users develop a strong psychological need for the drug, leading to compulsive use despite negative consequences.
• Physical Dependence: The body becomes reliant on Soma, causing withdrawal symptoms like anxiety, tremors, and seizures when the drug is not taken.
• Permanent Changes to Brain Chemistry: Prolonged use will result in permanent changes to brain chemistry, making recovery and rehabilitation more challenging.

What are the Stages of Soma Addiction?

There are 6 stages of addiction including experimentation, regular use, dependence, addiction, recovery, and relapse. According to an article called “Drug Misuse and Addiction” published by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), around 60% of individuals who experiment with drugs progress to regular use, and from this group, approximately 15-20% develop dependence and addiction. 

1. Experimentation

Initial use of Soma, often driven by curiosity or peer influence. In this stage, individuals try Soma to experience its muscle-relaxing and euphoric effects. The use is irregular and infrequent, with minimal immediate consequences.

2. Regular Use

Increased frequency of Soma use in a consistent pattern. Users begin taking Soma regularly, possibly to manage pain or stress, establishing a routine around its use. While it hasn’t yet severely impacted daily life, the frequency of use is notable.

3. Dependence

Physical and psychological reliance on Soma. As users develop tolerance, they need higher doses to achieve the same effects. Withdrawal symptoms, such as anxiety and tremors, occur when Soma is not taken, signaling physical dependence.

4. Addiction

Compulsive Soma use despite harmful consequences. At this stage, the user’s life is significantly impacted. They continue using Soma despite adverse effects on health, relationships, and responsibilities, driven by intense cravings and dependence.

5. Recovery

The process of overcoming addiction through treatment and lifestyle changes. Recovery involves detoxification, therapy, and support to address both physical dependence and psychological addiction. It’s a continuous effort to maintain sobriety and improve health.

6. Relapse

Return to Soma use after a period of sobriety. Relapse occurs due to triggers, stress, or incomplete recovery efforts. It’s a common part of the recovery process, emphasizing the need for ongoing support and coping strategies to sustain long-term sobriety.

How Does Soma Interact with Other Substances?

Recreational use of Soma is becoming more prevalent amongst the younger populations especially when combining with other substances like drugs and alcohol. It is very dangerous to do so and should be avoided. According to the Drug Fact Sheet published by the FDA, ​​the sedative effects of SOMA and other CNS depressants (e.g., alcohol, benzodiazepines, opioids, tricyclic antidepressants) are additive. Therefore, caution should be exercised with patients who take more than one of these CNS depressants simultaneously.

How Does Soma Interact with Alcohol?

Mixing Soma with alcohol significantly enhances the depressant effects of both substances, leading to increased sedation, dizziness, and impaired motor control. This combination severely depresses the central nervous system (CNS), increasing the risk of respiratory depression, coma, and even death. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), combining CNS depressants like Soma and alcohol amplifies their effects, making it dangerous and potentially life-threatening​.

How Does Soma Interact with Opioids?

When Soma is combined with opioids like hydrocodone, the risk of severe respiratory depression and overdose increases substantially. Both drugs depress the CNS, which leads to critical respiratory failure. According to the U.S. Department of Justice NDIC article “Soma: Questions and Answers” abusers who combine Soma with Vicodin claim that this combination produces effects similar to those of heroin.

How Does Soma Interact with Benzodiazepines?

Combining Soma with benzodiazepines such as Valium (diazepam) leads to profound sedation, respiratory depression, and an increased risk of overdose. Benzodiazepines and Soma both act as CNS depressants, and their combined effect impairs cognitive and motor functions significantly. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued warnings about the dangers of mixing benzodiazepines with other CNS depressants due to the heightened risk of severe side effects and death​. 

What are the Types of Soma Addiction Treatment?

Soma addiction requires a multifaceted approach combining detox, therapy and aftercare, as well as lifestyle changes required to maintain sobriety.  According to a 2018 study by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) titled “Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research-Based Guide (Third Edition)”  Cognitive Behavioral Therapy not only aids in managing substance abuse but also addresses co-occurring mental disorders. It achieves this by altering attitudes and behaviors related to drug abuse, thereby boosting the effectiveness of other treatments such as medication and detox.

Medical Detox

Medical detox involves supervised withdrawal from Soma, using medications to manage symptoms and ensure safety. The primary advantage is the safe management of withdrawal symptoms under medical supervision, reducing the risk of complications. However, it does not address the psychological aspects of addiction. Medical detox is typically used as the initial phase of addiction treatment, preparing patients for further rehabilitation efforts.

Medical Assisted Treatment 

MAT for Soma addiction involves supervised withdrawal using medications to manage symptoms and ensure safety. Here are some common medications used in medication-assisted treatment (MAT) for Soma addiction:

• Buprenorphine: Often used to reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings. Buprenorphine acts on the same opioid receptors as Soma but is less likely to produce euphoria and dependence.
• Methadone: Another option for reducing withdrawal symptoms and cravings. It works similarly to buprenorphine but will be more effective for some individuals due to its longer duration of action.
• Naltrexone: This medication blocks the effects of opioids and Soma, helping to prevent relapse. It is not typically used during the detox phase but is part of ongoing maintenance treatment.
• Clonidine: Commonly used to manage withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, agitation, and muscle aches. It does not reduce cravings but will make the detox process more comfortable.

Inpatient Rehab

Inpatient rehab involves staying at a treatment facility full-time to receive comprehensive care and support. It provides a structured environment with 24/7 support, reducing exposure to triggers and distractions. However, it is costly and requires time away from personal responsibilities. Inpatient rehab is best suited for severe addictions or individuals with co-occurring mental health disorders.

Partial Hospitalization Program (PHP)

PHP offers intensive treatment similar to inpatient rehab but allows patients to return home in the evenings. This approach balances intensive care with the flexibility to maintain some daily routines. However, it is still be time-intensive and requires a strong support system at home. PHP is suitable for patients needing intensive care without the constraints of full hospitalization.

Outpatient Rehab

Outpatient rehab allows patients to live at home while attending treatment sessions regularly. It is more flexible and less expensive than inpatient care but will not provide enough support for severe addictions. Outpatient rehab is ideal for those with milder addictions or as a step-down from inpatient care.

Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP): A more intensive form of outpatient care, typically involving several hours of therapy per week.

Telehealth

Telehealth provides addiction treatment services through online platforms. It offers convenience and accessibility, allowing patients to receive care from home. However, it will lack the personal connection of in-person treatment. Telehealth is useful for patients in remote areas or those with mobility issues.

Therapy

Therapy involves various psychological treatments to address the underlying issues of addiction. It is essential for addressing mental health aspects of addiction, but the effectiveness will vary depending on the therapist and method used. Therapy is an integral part of all addiction treatment programs.

Types of Therapies:

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): A structured, goal-oriented therapy that helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors contributing to their addiction.
• Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): A form of cognitive-behavioral therapy that emphasizes balancing acceptance and change, teaching skills for mindfulness, emotional regulation, distress tolerance, and interpersonal effectiveness.
• Motivational Interviewing (MI): A collaborative, person-centered form of guiding to elicit and strengthen motivation for change. It helps individuals explore and resolve ambivalence about their substance use.
• Family Therapy: Therapy that involves family members in the treatment process to improve communication, resolve conflicts, and support the individual in recovery. It addresses the impact of addiction on the family unit and aims to foster a supportive home environment.

Holistic Treatment

Holistic treatment includes non-traditional therapies that address the body, mind, and spirit. It complements traditional treatments but will not be covered by insurance. Holistic treatment is often used alongside conventional therapies to promote overall well-being.

Aftercare

Aftercare involves ongoing support and resources to help maintain sobriety after formal treatment ends. It provides continued support, reducing the risk of relapse, but requires long-term commitment. Aftercare is essential for long-term recovery and includes support groups, follow-up therapy, and sober living arrangements.

What are Effective Strategies for Soma Addiction Recovery?

Effective strategies for Soma addiction recovery include inpatient and outpatient treatment programs. Inpatient treatment offers 24/7 support in a structured environment, ideal for severe addictions. Outpatient programs provide flexibility, allowing patients to live at home and attend treatment sessions, suitable for milder cases. 

Inpatient vs. Outpatient Treatment Comparison

Criteria	Inpatient Treatment	Outpatient Treatment
Environment	Live in Treatment Center	Live at Home
Support Level	24/7 support	Scheduled sessions
Structure	Highly structured	Less structured
Duration	30-90 days	Variable
Cost	Higher	Lower
Suitability	Severe cases	Mild cases
Flexibility	Low	High

Support groups like Narcotics Anonymous and community resources offer peer support and essential services. Relapse prevention involves coping mechanisms, a strong support network, therapy like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Continuous engagement with support groups and aftercare programs is crucial for long-term sobriety.

How to Support Someone with a Soma Addiction?

Recognizing the need for help involves observing behavioral changes, such as isolation and neglect of responsibilities. Approach conversations with empathy, focusing on specific behaviors and expressing concerns without blame. Encourage professional help and offer support. Resources for friends and family include support groups like Al-Anon, professional counseling, and educational materials from local health organizations.

Does Soma Addiction Develop Even if the Medication is Taken as Prescribed?

Yes, Soma addiction does develop even when taken as prescribed, particularly if used over a long period. The body will build tolerance to the drug, leading to dependence and potentially addiction as the user begins to take larger doses to achieve the same effects.

Is it Possible to Experience Withdrawal Symptoms from Soma Without Being Addicted?

Yes, it is possible to experience withdrawal symptoms from Soma without being addicted. Physical dependence occurs with regular use, and stopping suddenly leads to withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, tremors, and insomnia, even if the person is not psychologically addicted.

Does Combining Soma with Certain Over-the-counter Medications Increase Addiction Risk?

Combining Soma with over-the-counter medications that have sedative effects, such as antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine) or sleep aids, does increase the risk of severe sedation, respiratory depression, and addiction. It is important to consult a healthcare provider before combining Soma with any other medications.

How Does the Metabolism of Soma in the Body Contribute to its Potential for Abuse?

Soma is metabolized in the liver to meprobamate, a substance with its own potential for abuse and addiction. Meprobamate produces sedative and anxiolytic effects, contributing to Soma’s overall potential for abuse. This metabolic conversion does enhance the drug’s effects, making it more likely for users to develop dependence and addiction.

How Can Soma Addiction Cause Long-term Brain Damage?

Soma addiction causes long-term brain damage through its effects on the central nervous system. According to the American Addiction Centers, prolonged use of Soma leads to significant cognitive impairments, including memory loss, difficulty concentrating, and reduced cognitive function. These effects result from the drug’s impact on neurotransmitter activity, leading to alterations in brain structure and function, similar to the impacts seen in Strattera addiction.

Furthermore, long-term use of Soma causes irreversible damage to brain cells, leading to permanent changes in mood regulation and behavior. This damage exacerbates mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety, making recovery more challenging. Engaging in drug & alcohol seminars provides education on the risks of long-term use and strategies to mitigate these effects, promoting brain health and recovery.